‘Demeaning, Frustrating, and Exhausting’: Academic Women’s Labour and the Contradiction of Dependence and Devaluation in the Capitalist University

Authors

  • Piper Ariel Bell Bell University of Queensland, Australia
  • Sharlene Leroy-Dyer University of Queensland, Australia
  • Francesca Bartlett University of Queensland, Australia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53103/cjess.v6i6.588

Keywords:

Academic Labour Process, Social Reproduction Theory, Gender, Class Stratification, Higher Education

Abstract

This paper examines the experiences of academic women through a social reproduction theory (SRT) framework, analysing how academic institutions perpetuate gender and class hierarchies while simultaneously depending upon and systematically devaluing women’s labour. Drawing on illustrative survey data from 453 academic women across multiple countries, we demonstrate how productive and reproductive labour intersect in the academic labour process, with women disproportionately absorbing service and relational work that remains invisible in formal productivity metrics. Findings show that working-class women academics face compounded exploitation through precarious employment, class-based cultural exclusion, and acute awareness of the structural contradictions sustaining their exploitation; an awareness that, we argue, contains within it the conditions for transformative possibility. In advancing SRT as an empirical research method, this paper contributes to an emerging body of SRT-grounded work in higher education, calling for structural transformation over reformist frameworks proven unable to address the material conditions documented here.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

American Association of University Professors (2020) Data snapshot: Full-time women faculty and faculty of color. Available at: https://www.aaup.org/news/data-snapshot-full-time-women-faculty-and-faculty-color

Acker S (1994) Gendered Education. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Advance HE (2024) Equality in Higher Education: Staff Statistical Report 2024. Advance HE.

Anderson G (2008) Mapping academic resistance in the managerial university. Organization 15(2): 251–270.

Aronowitz S (2004) The Knowledge Factory: Dismantling the Corporate University and Creating True Higher Learning. Boston: Beacon Press.

Arruzza C, Bhattacharya T and Fraser N (2019) Feminism for the 99 Percent: A Manifesto. London: Verso.

Australian Government Department of Education (2024) Key Findings from the 2024 Higher Education Staff Statistics. Available at: https://www.education.gov.au/higher-education-statistics/staff-data/selected-higher-education-statistics-2024-staff-data/key-findings-2024-higher-education-staff-statistics

Avolio B, Pardo E and Prados-Peña MB (2024) Factors that contribute to the underrepresentation of women academics worldwide: A literature review. Social Psychology of Education 27(1): 261–281.

Baker SM (1999) Success for women in academia: Choices, experiences, and challenges. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 869(1): 210–218.

Ball SJ (2012) Performativity, commodification and commitment: An I-spy guide to the neoliberal university. British Journal of Educational Studies 60(1): 17–28.

Ball SJ (2016) Neoliberal education? Confronting the slouching beast. Policy Futures in Education 14(8): 1046–1059.

Bannerji H (2020) The Ideological Condition: Selected Essays on History, Race and Gender. Leiden: Brill.

Beauchamp-Pryor K (2012) From absent to active voices: Securing disability equality within higher education. International Journal of Inclusive Education 16(3): 283–295.

Bell PA (2026a) Working double shifts in the capitalist university: A social reproduction theory analysis of academic women's labour and why 'who does the laundry?' remains unaddressed by equity policies. Australian Feminist Studies 41: 1–23.

Bell PA (2026b) Academic women’s labour and feminist praxis ‘from below’: A social reproduction feminist analysis of working-class women academics’ transformative possibility in Australian higher education. Gender, Work & Organization. In press.

Bhattacharya T (2017a) Introduction: Mapping social reproduction theory. In: Bhattacharya T (ed.) Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression. London: Pluto Press.

Bhattacharya T (ed.) (2017b) Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression. London: Pluto Press.

Blackmore J and Sawers N (2015) Executive power and scaled-up gender subtexts in Australian entrepreneurial universities. Gender and Education 27(3): 320–337.

Bourabain D (2021) Everyday sexism and racism in the ivory tower: The experiences of early career researchers on the intersection of gender and ethnicity in the academic workplace. Gender, Work and Organization 28(1): 248–267.

Braddock DL and Parish S (2001) An institutional history of disability. In: Albrecht GL, Seelman KD and Bury M (eds.) Handbook of Disability Studies. London: SAGE.

Braverman H (1974) Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Brommesson D, Erlingsson GÓ, Ödalen J and Fogelgren M (2022) 'Teach more, but do not expect any applause': Are women doubly discriminated against in universities' recruitment processes? Journal of Academic Ethics 20(3): 437–450.

Bunn M, Threadgold S and Burke PJ (2020) Class in Australian higher education: The university as a site of social reproduction. Journal of Sociology 56(3): 422–438.

Cornelius-Bell A and Bell PA (2021) The academic precariat post-COVID-19. Fast Capitalism 18(1).

Costello CA (2012) Women in the academy: The impact of culture, climate and policies on female classified staff. NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education 5(2).

Crew T (2020) Higher Education and Working-Class Academics: Precarity and Diversity in Academia. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Davies B (2003) Death to critique and dissent? The policies and practices of new managerialism and of evidence-based practice. Gender and Education 15(1): 91–103.

Davis A (1994) Black women and the academy. Callaloo 17(2): 422.

Dews CLB and Law CL (eds.) (1995) This Fine Place So Far from Home: Voices of Academics from the Working Class. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Dixon OC (2008) Warrior Women: A Qualitative Content Analysis of the Perceptions of the Experiences of Native American Women in the Academy. PhD dissertation, The University of San Francisco.

Dolmage J (2017) Academic Ableism: Disability and Higher Education. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Federici S (2020) Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle. 2nd edn. Oakland: PM Press.

Federici S (2021) Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. London: Penguin Classics.

Ferguson S (2020) Women and Work: Feminism, Labour, and Social Reproduction. London: Pluto Press.

Fraser N (2017) Crisis of care? On the social-reproductive contradictions of contemporary capitalism. In: Bhattacharya T (ed.) Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression. London: Pluto Press.

Fraser N (2022) Cannibal Capitalism: How Our System is Devouring Democracy, Care, and the Planet – and What We Can Do About It. London: Verso.

Glenn EN (1992) From servitude to service work: Historical continuities in the racial division of paid reproductive labour. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18(1): 1–43.

Gilbert E, Denson N and Weidemann G (2020) Negotiating Mothering and Academic Work: A Mixed Methods Intersectional Feminist Study. School of Psychology, Western Sydney University.

Giroux HA (2002) Neoliberalism, corporate culture, and the promise of higher education: The university as a democratic public sphere. Harvard Educational Review 72(4): 425–464.

Giroux HA (2020) Neoliberalism's War on Higher Education. 2nd edn. Chicago: Haymarket Books

Gramsci A (1996) Selections from the Prison Notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

Grant BM and Elizabeth V (2015) Unpredictable feelings: Academic women under research audit. British Educational Research Journal 41(2): 287–302.

Hall S (1986) Gramsci's relevance for the study of race and ethnicity. Journal of Communication Inquiry 10(2): 5–27.

Hamilton M, Williams A and Baird M (2022) Gender Inclusive Practices and Work-Life Balance in Australian Universities. Report for Universities Australia. Sydney: University of Sydney.

Harvey D (2005) A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Heller H (2016) The Capitalist University: The Transformations of Higher Education in the United States Since 1945. London: Pluto Press.

Henry E and Leroy-Dyer S (2024) De-othering: Indigenous perspectives on diversity, equity and inclusion. Critical Perspectives on International Business (ahead-of-print).

Hesse-Biber SN (ed.) (2007) Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis. London: Sage.

Jones L and Maguire M (2021) Investing ourselves: The role of space and place in being a working-class female academic. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 42(1): 45–59.

Leroy-Dyer S and Menzel K (2023) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander inclusion in the workplace. In: Carlson B, Day M, O'Sullivan S and Kennedy T (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Australian Indigenous Peoples and Futures. London: Routledge, pp. 81–102.

Lipton B (2020) Cruel measures: Gendered excellence in research. In: Lipton B Academic Women in Neoliberal Times. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 65–115.

Luescher-Mamashela TM (2010) From university democratisation to managerialism: The changing legitimation of university governance and the place of students. Tertiary Education and Management 16(4): 259–283.

Luke C and Gore J (1993) Women in the academy: Strategy, struggle, survival. In: Feminisms and Critical Pedagogy. New York: Routledge.

Maguire M (1997) Missing links: Working-class women of Irish descent. In: Mahony P and Zmroczek C (eds.) Class Matters: "Working-Class" Women's Perspectives on Social Class. London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 91–103.

Marx K (1852) The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. New York: Die Revolution.

Marx K (1973) Grundrisse. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books in association with New Left Review.

Marx K (1974) The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, trans. Milligan M. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

Marx K (1990) Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, trans. Fowkes B. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books in association with New Left Review.

Marx K and Engels F (2015) The Communist Manifesto, trans. Moore S. London: Penguin Random House

Melaku TM (2019) You Don't Look Like a Lawyer: Black Women and Systemic Gendered Racism. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.

Menzel K and Bennett B (2024) Developing inclusive assessment practices within higher education: An indigenist perspective. In: Evans C and Waring M (eds.) Research Handbook on Innovations in Assessment and Feedback in Higher Education. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 294–311.

Merchant W, Read S, D'Evelyn S, Miles C and Williams V (2019) The insider view: Tackling disabling practices in higher education institutions. Higher Education 80(2): 273–287.

Mies M (2022) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Morley L (2018) Gender in the neo-liberal research economy: An enervating and exclusionary entanglement? In: Kahlert H (ed.) Gender Studies and the New Academic Governance. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, pp. 15–40.

Morley L and David M (2009) Celebrations and challenges: Gender in higher education. Higher Education Policy 22(1): 1–2.

Mulligan DL and Danaher PA (eds.) (2021) Researchers at Risk: Precarity, Jeopardy and Uncertainty in Academia. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Oakley A (1995) 'Public Visions; Private Matters'. Professorial Inaugural Lecture, The Institute of Education, London.

Parsons AL, Reichl AJ and Pedersen CL (2017) Gendered ableism: Media representations and gender role beliefs' effect on perceptions of disability and sexuality. Sexuality and Disability 35(2): 207–225.

Reay D (2000) 'Dim dross': Marginalised women both inside and outside the academy. Women's Studies International Forum 23(1): 13–21.

Reay D (2018) Miseducation: Inequality, education and the working classes. International Studies in Sociology of Education 27(4): 453–456.

Richards K, Pilcher N, Galbrun L, Forster A and Richards J (2023) Diversity and inclusion in UK higher education: Staff perspectives on institutional representations and their reality. Research in Post-Compulsory Education 28(4): 647–669.

Rickett B and Morris A (2021) 'Mopping up tears in the academy' – working-class academics, belonging, and the necessity for emotional labour in UK academia. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 42(1): 87–101.

Robson C and McCartan K (2016) Real World Research. Chichester: Wiley.

Roebuck DB, Smith DN and Haddaoui TE (2013) Cross-generational perspectives on work-life balance and its impact on women's opportunities for leadership in the workplace. Advancing Women in Leadership 33: 52–62.

Rowell C and Walters H (2022) 'Friends first, colleagues second': A collaborative autoethnographic approach to exploring working-class women's experiences of the neoliberal academy. In: Reilly IB (ed.) The Lives of Working Class Academics. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 41–55.

Saulnier CF and Swigonski M (2006) As feminists in the academy... Affilia 21(4): 361–364.

Thornton M (2023) Universities upside-down. In: Law and the Quest for Gender Equality. Canberra: ANU Press, pp. 359–378.

Thwaites R and Pressland A (eds.) (2017) Being an Early Career Feminist Academic: Global Perspectives, Experiences and Challenges. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Vogel L (2013) Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory. Leiden: Brill.

Weiss H (2022) Social reproduction as the reproduction of capitalism. Focaal 2022(93): 105–111.

Winchester HPM and Browning L (2015) Gender equality in academia: A critical reflection. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 37(3): 269–281.

Downloads

Published

2026-11-03

How to Cite

Bell, P. A. B., Leroy-Dyer, S., & Bartlett, F. (2026). ‘Demeaning, Frustrating, and Exhausting’: Academic Women’s Labour and the Contradiction of Dependence and Devaluation in the Capitalist University. Canadian Journal of Educational and Social Studies, 6(6), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.53103/cjess.v6i6.588

Issue

Section

Articles